Citing Sources

Additional Styles

Discipline-Specific Style Guides

• Purdue University Online Writing Lab (Purdue OWL) — Complete Discipline Listing

American Chemical Society (ACS)

American Sociological Association (ASA)

• American Sociological Association — ASA Style Guide
• Purdue OWL — ASA formatting, in-text citations, and references

American Political Science Association (APSA)

• APSA Style Manual for Political Science, 2018 Edition (Last Revised 2020)
  • Online PDF version

Ecology Style

Ecology Style is the recommended format of Ecology journal, which is published by the Ecological Society of America. This format is recommended for students of environmental sciences - see our Ecology Citation Style guide for more information.

Government Information

• Citing Government Information guide

Indigenous Knowledge

In traditional Western citation systems, written knowledge is positioned as valid, and other knowledge transmissions such as oral history or storytelling are considered unreliable, despite being used for centuries by Indigenous cultures around the globe. Increasingly, Indigenous scholars are creating new frameworks that acknowledge the validity of ancestral knowledge, and the relationships between peoples and lands. Below are some resources that can help you rethink power dynamics around Indigenous peoples and research.

• Indigenous Citation Styles
  • Lorisia MacLeod (James Cree Nation) adapted APA and MLA styles to cite oral teachings from Elders and Knowledge Keepers:
    • APA in-text citation and reference list
    • MLA in-text citation and reference list
  • APA 7 still recommends that oral histories and Elders are cited as "personal communication" (Section 8.9 of the Publication Manual)
  • Indigenous Material Reference Guide — Harvard University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
  • Indigenous Referencing Prototype — Nathan Sentance (Wiradjuri)
     
• Indigenous Style Guides and Formatting
  • Elements of Indigenous Style (Ebook)
  • A Copy Editor's Education in Indigenous Style — Tara Campbell
     
• Indigenous Research Methods
  • Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples — Linda Tuhiwai Smith (Ebook and Print)
  • Research Justice: Methodologies for Social Change — Andrew J. Jolivétte (Ed) (Ebook)
  • Research is Ceremony — Shawn Wilson (Print)